TPC-Journal-V2-Issue2

The Professional Counselor \Volume 2, Issue 2 113 purchases). Perhaps negative thinking resulting from regrets, disappointments, and grief have similar effects on client’s life-choice self-efficacy and exploratory behavior. There are many areas of life where clients prematurely make choices and there are ways for counselors to better prepare them for this decision-making process. The suggested counselor interventions also are limited in several ways. The verified path model does not inform us as to whether intervention on career thinking followed by self-efficacy is necessary or if intervention on career thinking alone would be adequate. Additionally, the effects of the four sources of self-efficacy are not fully empirically supported (e.g., Alliman-Brissett, Turner, & Skovholt, 2004) and should be implemented with that in mind. The case of Sue demonstrated some of the specific practice implications suggested by the model. It is important to consider whether a measure of negative career thinking, such as the Career Thoughts Inventory (Sampson et al., 1996), and of career-related self-efficacy, such as the Career Decision Self-Efficacy scale (Betz & Luzzo, 1996), should be integrated into the career counseling assessments as a standard procedure to help monitor and inform treatment. References Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behaviors . Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall. Alliman-Brissett, A. E., Turner, S. L., & Skovholt, T. M. (2004). Parent support and African American adolescents’ career self-efficacy. Professional School Counseling , 7, 124–132. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103 , 411–423. Arbuckle J. (2006). Amos 7.0 User’s Guide . Spring House, PA: Amos Development Corporation. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychology Review, 84 , 629–644. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Barak, A., Carney, C. G., & Archibald, R. D. (1975). The relationship between vocational information seeking and educational and vocational decidedness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 7, 149–159. Bartley, D. F., & Robitschek, C. (2000). Career exploration: A multivariate analysis of predictors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56 , 63–81. Betz, N. E., & Luzzo, D. A. (1996). Career assessment and the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4 , 413–428. Betz, N., & Klein, K. (1996). Relationships among measures of career self-efficacy, generalized self-efficacy and global self-esteem. Journal of Career Assessment, 4 , 285–298. Betz, N., & Voyten, K. (1997). Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career exploration and decidedness. The Career Development Quarterly, 46 , 179–189. Blustein, D. L. (1989). The role of goal instability and career self-efficacy in the career exploration process. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 35 , 194–203. Blustein, D. L., & Phillips, S. D. (1988). Individual and contextual factors in career exploration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 33 , 203–216. Borgen, F. H. (1991). Megatrends and milestones in vocational behavior: A 20-year counseling psychology perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 39 , 263–290. Bullock-Yowell, E., Andrews, L., & Buzzetta, M. (2011). Explaining career decision making self-efficacy: Personality, cognitions, and cultural mistrust. The Career Development Quarterly, 59 , 400–411. Crites, J. O., (1969). Vocational psychology: The study of vocational behavior and development. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill. Fouad, N. A., & Spreda, S. L. (1996). Translation and use of career decision-making self-efficacy assessment for Hispanic middle school students. Journal of Vocational Education Research, 21 , 67–85. Hackett, G., & Lent, R.W. (1992).Theoretical advances and current inquiry in career psychology. In S. D. Brown & R. W.