TPC-Journal-V5-Issue1

The Professional Counselor /Volume 5, Issue 1 64 Furthermore, research has indicated that childcare may lead to socioeconomic advancements of adolescent mothers, as they have increased available time to focus on school and work (Mollborn & Blalock, 2012). Thus, exploring childcare resources and possibly providing childcare resources while adolescent mothers partake in career development programs may be essential in their ability to focus on such efforts. The childcare challenge likely far exceeds the typical time management struggles of today’s nonparenting adolescents who are in the process of exploring careers as described by Strom, Strom, Whitten, and Kraska (2014). In the current study, program staff at community and school program sites indicated that attendance was a challenge for adolescent mothers because of these obstacles (i.e., childcare and transportation), highlighting the need for researchers and practitioners to address obstacles that more than 70% of adolescent mothers face in order to work effectively with these clients. Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure The authors reported no conflict of interest or funding contributions for the development of this manuscript. References Barto, H. H., Lambert, S. F., & Brott, P. E. (in press). The career development of adolescent mothers: A review of 25 years of professional literature. Journal of Employment Counseling. Betz, N. E. (1988). The assessment of career development and maturity. In W. B. Walsh & S. H. Osipow (Eds.), Career decision making (pp. 77–136). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Betz, N. E., Hammond, M. S., & Multon, K. D. (2005). Reliability and validity of five-level response continua for the career decision self-efficacy scale. Journal of Career Assessment , 13 , 131–149. doi:10.1177/1069072704273123 Betz, N. E., & Klein, K. L. (1996). Relationships among measures of career self-efficacy, generalized self-efficacy, and global self-esteem. Journal of Career Assessment , 4 , 285–298. doi:10.1177/106907279600400304 Betz, N. E., Klein, K. L., & Taylor, K. M. (1996). Evaluation of a short form of the career decision-making self-efficacy scale. Journal of Career Assessment , 4 , 47–57. doi:10.1177/106907279600400103 Black, C., & Ford-Gilboe, M. (2004). Adolescent mothers: Resilience, family health work and health-promoting practices. Issues and Innovations in Nursing Practice , 11 , 351–360. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03204.x Blustein, D. L. (1997). A context-rich perspective of career exploration across the life roles. The Career Development Quarterly , 45 , 260–274. Brindis, C., & Philliber, S. (2003). Improving services for pregnant and parenting teens. Prevention Researcher , 10 (3), 9–13. Brosh, J., Weigel, D., & Evans, W. (2009). Assessing the supports needed to help pregnant and parenting teens reach their educational and career goals. Journal of Extension , 47 . Retrieved from http://www.joe.org/joe/2009february/pdf/ JOE_v47_1rb8.pdf Brown, D., & Associates. (2002). Career choice and development (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Brubaker, S. J., & Wright, C. (2006). Identity transformation and family caregiving: Narratives of African American teen mothers. Journal of Marriage and Family , 68 , 1214–1228. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00324.x Cardoso, P., & Moreira, J. M. (2009). Self-efficacy beliefs and the relation between career planning and perception of barriers. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance , 9 , 177–188. doi:10.1007/s10775-009- 9163-2 Creed, P. A., Fallon, T., & Hood, M. (2009). The relationship between career adaptability, person and situation variables, and career concerns in young adults. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 74 , 219–229. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.12.004 Fouad, N., Cotter, E. W., & Kantamneni, N. (2009). The effectiveness of a career decision-making course. Journal of Career Assessment , 17 , 338–347. doi:10.1177/1069072708330678