TPC-Journal-V5-Issue4

The Professional Counselor /Volume 5, Issue 4 522 help students succeed academically by focusing and maintaining energies on goal-directed activities (e.g., demonstrates an eagerness to learn and engages in class activities). This third factor was named “motivation.” The three-factor measurement model proved to have parsimony and interpretability. The two-factor model did not fit the data as well as the three-factor model (RMSEA = 0.072, SRMR = 0.058, CFA = 0.985, TLI = 0.978, χ 2 = 371.126, df = 53, p < 0.001). As shown in Table 2, the standardized factor loadings were large, ranging from 0.59 to 0.94. The first factor included seven items. This first factor reflected self-knowledge and motivation. It was more appropriate to differentiate self- knowledge and motivation considering interpretability. The two-factor model provided relatively poor goodness-of-fit indices and interpretability. The four-factor model fit the data slightly better than the three-factor model (RMSEA = 0.035, SRMR = 0.023, CFA = 0.998, TLI = 0.995, χ 2 = 76.955, df = 32, p < 0.001). As shown in Table 2, the standardized factor loadings were large, ranging from 0.54 to 1.01. The first factor included one item, however, and retained factors should include at least three items that load 0.05 or greater (Fabrigar et al., 1999), so the first factor was removed. The second factor was comprised of six items that all relate to the construct of academic temperament. The third factor includes four items that reflect motivation. The fourth factor is composed of three items that relate to self-knowledge. The four-factor model was strong in terms of goodness-of-fit indices, though it was not possible to retain the first factor methodologically, due to the fact that it only involved one item. Therefore, given a series of analyses, the three-factor model was selected as the most appropriate. Table 2 Two-, Three-, and Four-Factor Models for Standardized Factor Loadings Item Two-Factor Model Three-Factor Model Four-Factor Model C1 C2 C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C4 1 .787 * * * .636 .572 * .755 * 2 .641 * * * .627 * * .672 * 3 * .779 .736 * * * .877 * * 4 * .886 .823 * * * .832 * * 5 .778 * * * .603 * * .636 * 6 * .722 .659 * * * .770 * * 7 * .869 .832 * * * .881 * * 8 .938 * * .974 * * * * 1.014 9 .794 * * .924 * * * * .629 10 .592 * * * .801 * * .972 * 11 * .944 .882 * * * .913 * * 12 .689 * * .670 * * * * .557 13 * .664 .577 * * * .535 * *