TPC-Journal-V6-Issue2

The Professional Counselor /Volume 6, Issue 2 158 Additional research is needed to consider whether the diagnosis–billing model is the most optimal and ethical for mental health care, particularly for preventive mental health and for African American male clients and other marginalized populations. Further study also is warranted to capture the long- term implications of an ODD diagnosis, including identifying ways in which a client‘s family can advocate for school and community resources (e.g., outpatient counseling, mentoring programs, sup- port groups). Finally, possible relationships between an ODD diagnosis, school discipline practices and crime adjudication with marginalized groups (e.g., African American males) should be explored, given the drop-out-of-school-to-prison pipeline that is now widely recognized as a reality for many African American males (Barbarin, 2010). Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure The authors reported no conflict of interest or funding contributions for the development of this manuscript. References Abreu, J. M. (2001). Theory and research on stereotypes and perceptual bias: A didactic resource for multi- cultural counseling trainers. The Counseling Psychologist , 29 , 487–512. doi:10.1177/0011000001294002 American Counseling Association (2014). ACA code of ethics . Alexandria, VA: Author American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. Arrendondo, P. (1999). Multicultural counseling competencies as tools to address oppression and racism. Journal of Counseling & Development , 77 , 102–108. Barbarin, O. A. (2010). Halting African American boys’ progression from pre-k to prison: What families, schools, and communities can do! American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 80 , 81–88. Bub, K. L., McCartney, K., & Willett, J. B. (2007). Behavioral problem trajectories and first-grade cognitive ability and achievement skills: A latent growth curve analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology , 99 , 653–670. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.653 Clark, E. (2007). Conduct disorders in African American adolescent males: The perceptions that lead to overdiagnosis and placement in special programs. Alabama Counseling Association Journal , 33 (2), 1–7. Collins, S., Arthur, N., & Wong-Wylie, G. (2010). Enhancing reflective practice in multicultural counseling through cultural auditing. Journal of Counseling & Development , 88 , 340–347. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00031.x Cossu, G., Cantone, E., Pintus, M., Cadoni, M., Pisano, A., Otten, R., . . . Carta, M. G. (2015). Integrating children with psychiatric disorders in the classroom: A systematic review . Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health : CP & EMH , 11 , 41–57. doi:10.2174/1745017901511010041 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2016). 2016 standards for accreditation . Alexandria, VA: Author. Epstein, J. N., Willoughby, M., Valencia, E. Y., Tonev, S. T., Abikoff, H. B., Arnold, L. E., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2005). The role of children’s ethnicity in the relationship between teacher ratings of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and observed classroom behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73 , 424–434. Feisthamel, K. P., & Schwartz, R. C. (2007, November). Enhancing cross-cultural assessment and diagnosis in counseling . Workshop presented at the 2007 All Ohio Counselors Conference, Columbus, OH. Feisthamel, K. P., & Schwartz, R. C. (2009). Differences in mental health counselors’ diagnoses based on client race: An investigation of adjustment, childhood, and substance-related disorders. Journal of Mental Health Counseling , 31 , 47.