TPC Journal V7, Issue 2 - FULL ISSUE

188 The Professional Counselor | Volume 7, Issue 2 formation of healthy relationships” (p. 3). Additionally, this hallmark is found in two 2016 CACREP Counseling and Human Relationship standards. Lastly, this hallmark is tested in the NCE under Counseling Process (conducting school/community outreach, consulting with client’s support system, directing community initiatives/programs, facilitating client access to community resources, helping clients develop support systems, identifying client support systems and providing psychoeducation) and Professional Practice (conducting school/community outreach and directing community initiatives/programs; NBCC, 2014b). In comparison, the NASW Code of Ethics (2008) states that “Social workers strive to ensure access to needed information, services, and resources; equality of opportunity; and meaningful participation in decision making for all people” (Ethical Principles Section). Differences exist in how the two professions talk about prevention. Counselors apply prevention in the context of the client (individual, couple or family) while social workers focus on prevention in the context of local to global societies. Lastly, APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2010) states: “They strive to help the public in developing informed judgments and choices concerning human behavior” (p. 3). In psychology, prevention occurs when psychologists offer the public accurate information, which leads to better choices and judgments about aspects of human behavior in specific contexts. Advocacy occurs when counselors defend both clients and the profession of counseling in the face of oppressive systems (Erford, 2013). This hallmark can be found in A.7.a and the Section C Introduction of the ACA Code of Ethics (2014): “When appropriate, counselors advocate at individual, group, institutional, and societal levels to address potential barriers and obstacles that inhibit access and/or the growth and development of clients” (p. 5). Additionally, this hallmark is found in several 2016 CACREP Standards (2015): one standard in the Faculty and Staff section, two standards in the Professional Counseling Orientation and Ethical Practice section, one standard in the Social and Cultural Diversity section, one standard in the Career Development section and one standard in the Clinical Mental Health Counseling Practice section. Lastly, this hallmark is tested in the NCE under Counseling Process (facilitating client access to community resources, identifying barriers affecting client goal attainment, identifying dynamics, obtaining pre-authorization from third-party payors, and providing adequate accommodations for clients with disabilities) and Professional Practice (advocating for client needs, advocating for the professional of counseling, participating in media interviews, providing expert testimony, consult with justice system, consult with providers about medication, consult with school staff, and participate in multidisciplinary team meetings; NBCC, 2014b). In comparison, the NASW Code of Ethics (2008) states: “Social workers pursue social change, particularly with and on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed individuals and groups of people. Social workers’ social change efforts are focused primarily on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other forms of social injustice” (Ethical Principles Section). Counselors advocate for the client (individual, couple or family) and the profession of counseling. Social workers advocate for local to global societies. Lastly, APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2010) indicates: “Psychologists recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted by psychologists” (p. 3). In psychology, advocacy occurs when the research created by and the services provided by psychologists are available to all members of society. Fourth, counselors promote wellness when helping clients establish affirmative attitudes, create self-care plans and design life balance strategies (Granello & Young, 2011). This hallmark can be found in the Preamble, Section A Introduction, A.1.a, A.1.c, A.2.c, Section C Introduction, C.2.g, Section E Introduction, F.1.a., F.5.b, F.6.b, F.8 and Section I Introduction of the ACA Code of Ethics (2014). In the Preamble, it states: “Counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse