TPC Journal V7, Issue 3 - FULL ISSUE

220 The Professional Counselor | Volume 7, Issue 3 associated with IF, strengthening the significance of institutionalization as an important factor in children’s IF behaviors. The authors also generated a significant regression model that accounted for 9% of the variance in IF (Liu & Hazler, in press). In alignment with recent research studies (Love et al., 2015; Lyons-Ruth et al., 2015) and the DSM-5 , this study provided evidence to support the distinction of IF from attachment. It also introduced alternatives to the pathological perspective toward IF from previous research and diagnostic standards. The results of this study enabled a better understanding of IF and offered research recommendations and critical implications for professional counselors serving adoptive families. Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure The authors reported no conflict of interest or funding contributions for the development of this manuscript. References American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Bennett, J., Espie, C., Duncan, B., & Minnis, H. (2009). A qualitative exploration of children’s understanding of indiscriminate friendliness. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 14 , 595–618. doi:10.1177/1359104509339137 Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. I: Attachment . New York, NY: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 52 , 664–678. Bruce, J., Tarullo, A. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009). Disinhibited social behavior among internationally adopted children. Development and Psychopathology , 21 , 157–171. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000108 Chisholm, K. (1998). A three year follow-up of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Child Development , 69 , 1092–1106. Chisholm, K., Carter, M. C., Ames, E. W., & Morison, S. J. (1995). Attachment security and indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Development and Psychopathology , 7 , 283– 294. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006507 Cohen, N. J., Lojkasek, M., Zadeh, Z. Y., Pugliese, M., & Kiefer, H. (2008). Children adopted from China: A prospective study of their growth and development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 49 , 458– 468. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01853.x  Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin , 13 , 487–496. doi:10.1037 /0033-2909.113.3.487 Hodges, J., & Tizard, B. (1989). Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents.  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 30 , 77–97. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00770.x Hunt, B. (2011). Publishing qualitative research in counseling journals. Journal of Counseling & Development , 89 , 296–300. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00092.x Kreider, R. M., & Cohen, P. N. (2009). Disability among internationally adopted children in the United States . Pediatrics , 124 , 1311–1318. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3206 Leech, N. L., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2010). Guidelines for conducting and reporting mixed research in the field of counseling and beyond. Journal of Counseling & Development , 88 , 61–69. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00151.x Liu, Y. (2017). Child-parent attachment in U.S. families with Chinese adoptees: What does mixed methods research say? Manuscript submitted for publication. Liu, Y., & Hazler, R. J. (2015). All foreign-born adoptees are not the same: What counselors and parents need to know. The Professional Counselor , 5 , 238–247. doi:10.15241/efh.5.2.238