TPC Journal-Vol 11-Issue-1

The Professional Counselor | Volume 11, Issue 1 51 physical health ; Butler & Kern, 2016). Further, PsyCap HERO dimensions were negatively correlated to negative emotion and loneliness . Age was positively correlated with change in PERMA elements, but not gender. Similarly, approach coping strategies such as active coping , positive reframing , and acceptance (Carver, 1997) were resilient strategies to handle pandemic stress whereas using emotional support and planning showed weaker but significant roles. Similarly, religion also tended to be an adaptive coping strategy during the pandemic. Behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997) were found to be the dominant avoidant coping strategies that were adopted by students, which led to a significant decrease in well-being during the pandemic. Overall, as seen in Table 1, all three variables studied—PsyCap HERO dimensions, eight PERMA elements, and coping strategies—were highly related. Table 1 Relationship of Demographic Factors, Psychological Capital, and Coping Strategies With Change in PERMA Elements Variables Mean SD P E R M A N H L Age 27.36 9.91 .15 ** .11 ** .14 ** .16 ** .14 ** .01 .03 -.17 ** Course Ф - - .19 ** .10 * .19 ** .16 ** .06 -.05 .09 * -.14 ** Nature of course Ф - - .06 .06 .12 ** .13 ** .09 * .03 .03 -.10 ** Gender Ф - - -.01 -.06 .01 -.02 -.02 .02 -.02 .03 Employment Ф - - -.17 ** -.11 ** -.13 ** -.19 ** -.10 * .04 -.11 ** .11 ** Self-Efficacy 13.80 3.21 .11 ** .13 ** .14 ** .18 ** .16 ** -.05 .15 ** -.03 Hope 18.68 3.92 .24 ** .26 ** .20 ** .34 ** .40 ** -.17 ** .21 ** -.10 * Resilience 13.41 3.08 .23 ** .22 ** .20 ** .32 ** .33 ** -.16 ** .15 ** -.13 ** Optimism 8.61 2.39 .21 ** .27 ** .23 ** .32 ** .30 ** -.11 ** .16 ** -.10 * Self-Distraction 6.32 1.41 -.09 * .01 .03 -.02 .01 .08 * .02 .11 ** Active Coping 5.83 2.01 .24 ** .28 ** .20 ** .28 ** .32 ** -.09 * .23 ** -.08 * Denial 2.96 1.42 -.19 ** -.14 ** -.18 ** -.16 ** -.16 ** .24 ** -.16 ** .12 ** Substance Use 3.60 2.02 -.18 ** -.15 ** -.15 ** -.20 ** -.20 ** .11 ** -.09 * .17 ** Using Emotional Support 5.07 1.81 .12 ** .11 ** .32 ** .18 ** .11 ** .04 .10 * -.02 Using Instrumental Support 4.35 1.70 .01 .04 .20 ** .07 .02 .10 * .04 .07 Behavioral Disengagement 3.96 2.11 -.43 ** -.37 ** -.40 ** -.46 ** -.44 ** .31 ** -.26 ** .27 ** Venting 4.58 1.54 -.24 ** -.16 ** -.08 * -.17 ** -.16 ** .29 ** -.09 * .16 ** Positive Reframing 5.12 1.78 .28 ** .27 ** .21 ** .26 ** .25 ** -.15 ** .18 ** -.14 ** Planning 5.42 1.75 .07 .12 ** .11 ** .13 ** .11 ** .08 .08 * -.04 Humor 4.93 2.00 -.02 -.02 -.02 -.04 -.06 -.02 .02 .05 Acceptance 6.47 1.43 .33 ** .27 ** .27 ** .34 ** .31 ** -.25 ** .21 ** -.15 ** Religion 3.93 2.03 .21 ** .16 ** .16 ** .22 ** .13 ** -.08 .15 ** -.05 Self-Blame 4.08 1.72 -.33 ** -.27 ** -.29 ** -.36 ** -.36 ** .29 ** -.22 ** .20 ** Note . P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. Ф Point-biserial correlation * p < .05, ** p < .01