TPC Journal-Vol 11-Issue-1

The Professional Counselor | Volume 11, Issue 1 53 dimensions ( R 2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well- being. However, during the pandemic, the covariance of the PsyCap dimensions with well-being increased to 39% ( R 2 = .39, p < .01). Interestingly, after the onset of the pandemic, the predictor role of certain PsyCap dimensions shifted. For example, optimism became the strongest predictor of overall well-being and hope emerged as a predictor of engagement , meaning , accomplishment , and physical health during the pandemic. The predictive role of hope was negligible before COVID-19. The predictive role of resilience on positive emotion , accomplishment , negative emotion , and loneliness also became significant during COVID-19. Self-efficacy was a consistent predictor of PERMA elements before COVID-19. But during COVID-19, the relevance of self-efficacy in predicting PERMA elements was limited to controllable factors— relationships , meaning , and physical health —and the predictive role of self-efficacy overall was no longer significant (see Table 2). Table 2 Predicting PERMA Elements From Psychological Capital Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19 PERMA Self-Efficacy Hope Resilience Optimism Adj. R 2 F Before COVID-19 Positive Emotion .10 * -.06 -.01 .44 ** .19 37.66 ** Engagement .10 * .06 .01 .11 * .05 8.80 ** Relationships .10 * .07 -.09 .29 ** .12 21.33 ** Meaning .21 ** .06 -.03 .38 ** .28 58.68 ** Accomplishment .24 ** .06 .04 .13 * .14 25.62 ** Negative Emotion -.13 ** .10 -.05 -.29 ** .11 18.97 ** Physical Health .16 ** .08 -.04 .12 * .07 12.16 ** Loneliness -.10 * 0 -.01 -.19 ** .04 7.36 ** Well-Being .19 ** .04 -.02 .35 ** .23 45.41 ** During COVID-19 Positive Emotion .04 .09 .10 * .41 ** .30 67.05 ** Engagement .02 .21 ** .05 .26 ** .21 40.86 ** Relationships .09 * .1 -.01 .33 ** .19 36.72 ** Meaning .11 ** .18 ** .09 .38 ** .39 99.93 ** Accomplishment .05 .37 ** .14 ** .17 ** .39 96.96 ** Negative Emotion -.03 -.07 -.13 * -.23 ** .14 26.80 ** Physical Health .16 ** .19 ** -.03 .14 ** .15 27.25 ** Loneliness -.04 .01 -.11 * -.20 ** .08 13.34 ** Well-Being .07 .22 ** .08 .37 ** .39 97.48 ** * p < .05, ** p < .01 Research Question 3 Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether coping strategies mediate PsyCap’s effect on well-being. Coping strategies that predicted change in PERMA were used for mediation analysis. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping