TPC Journal-Vol 11-Issue-1

66 The Professional Counselor | Volume 11, Issue 1 2014 to 107 participants in 2015–2019, commensurate with the slight decrease in qualitative studies. Finally, the proportions of use of randomization in assignment procedures was also consistent— F (1, 152) = 1.172, p = .281, η 2 = .008—holding steady at 11.7% of studies. Table 3 Types of Participants Used in TPC Research Articles Time 2011–2014 2015–2019 Total Adults 21 (28.0%) 63 (41.7%) 84 (37.2%) Counselors/Providers 14 (18.7%) 39 (25.8%) 53 (23.5%) Graduate Students/Trainees 15 (20.0%) 19 (12.6%) 34 (15.0%) Undergraduates 13 (17.3%) 9 (6.0%) 22 (9.7%) Youth 9 (12.0%) 15 (9.9%) 24 (10.6%) Nonhumans 3 (4.0%) 6 (4.0%) 9 (4.0%) Totals 75 151 226 Categorization of statistical procedures into basic, intermediate, or advanced designations was used as an indicator of statistical sophistication, which remained stable over time: F (1, 152) = 0.141, p = .707, η 2 = .001. Articles were specifically categorized as research and non-research articles, and all types of statistical procedures from Table 4 were aggregated into the collapsed categories of basic, intermediate, and advanced statistics. Based on this categorization, over the 9 years, 59.1% of TPC research studies used basic statistical procedures (e.g., descriptive, correlation, t -test, chi-square), 31.8% used intermediate statistical procedures (e.g., ANOVA, regression analysis, other nonparametric), and only 9.1% used advanced procedures (e.g., MANOVA, factor analysis). Likewise, when specific statistical procedures used were analyzed, no significant shifts over time occurred (see Table 4): F (1, 290) = 0.055, p = .814, η 2 = .000. Descriptive statistics were used in 29.8%, ANOVA/ t in 13.4%, and content analysis or thematic coding in 21.2% of TPC research studies. Table 4 Proportion of Various Statistical Procedures Used in TPC Research Studies Time 2011–2014 2015–2019 Total Descriptive 29 (27.4%) 58 (31.2%) 87 (29.8%) Content Analysis 25 (23.6%) 37 (19.9%) 62 (21.2%) Correlation 14 (13.2%) 29 (15.6%) 43 (14.7%) ANOVA/ t 18 (17.0%) 21 (11.3%) 39 (13.4%) Regression 10 (9.4%) 19 (10.2%) 29 (9.9%) Factor Analysis 3 (2.8%) 13 (7.0%) 16 (5.5%) MANOVA 3 (2.8%) 7 (3.8%) 10 (3.4%) Nonparametric 4 (3.8%) 2 (1.1%) 6 (2.1%) Totals 106 186 292