TPC Journal Volume 11 Issue 2

The Professional Counselor | Volume 11, Issue 2 223 Results We used SPSS 24.0 to analyze the data. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), we found no differences between the samples based on gender or ethnicity (all p values > .05). However, using an independent samples t -test, we found that the BPD-Tx sample ( M = 23.53, SD = 6.85) was older on average than the student sample: M = 19.62, SD = 1.58, t (173) = 5.85, p < .001. Additionally, the BPD-Tx sample (13.3%) reported prior experience with counseling (dichotomous variable) less often than the student sample (77.6%) on average: χ 2 (1) = 59.39, p < .001. Sample Differences in SIB We conducted descriptive analyses for all SIB variables. See Table 1 for descriptive statistics of the different intents of SIB (nonsuicidal, ambivalent, and suicidal), total SIB (including the untransformed total score), and the reported number of SIB methods. Table 1 also includes difference scores of SIB acts based on independent sample t -tests in consideration of the two samples. Individuals in the BPD-Tx sample engaged in more nonsuicidal, ambivalent, and total SIB in their lifetime compared to the student sample. Although there appeared to be no difference between samples in suicidal SIB, it is worth noting that this variable did not meet our criteria for normality in either sample even after transformation. Table 1 Means (With Standard Deviations) and Difference Scores for Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB) by Sample Variable BPD-Tx ( N = 60) Student ( N = 116) t ( df ) p Nonsuicidal SIB 3.13 (1.81) 2.34 (1.55) t (174) = 3.01 .003 Ambivalent SIB 1.92 ( 2.02 ) 1.07 ( 1.33 ) t (86.25) = 2.94 .004 Suicidal SIB 0.66 ( 0.90 ) 0.45 ( 0.81 ) t (174) = 1.61 .110 Total SIB 3.87 ( 1.84 ) 2.86 ( 1.43 ) t (96.56) = 3.73 < .001 Total SIB (untransformed) 166.31 ( 268.69 ) 44.10 ( 75.60 ) t (63.88) = 3.45 .001 Number of SIB methods 3.28 ( 1.53 ) 3.28 ( 2.11 ) t (174) = -0.004 .997 Note. BPD-Tx = participants with traits of borderline personality disorder; Total SIB (untransformed) = untransformed values after adjusting the outliers in the raw reported values. Significant p values are in bold. Although the normality of suicidal SIB was improved using a transformation, we were unable to meet our acceptable range of ±2 for kurtosis (BPD-Tx kurtosis = 4.22; student kurtosis = 2.71). In the BPD-Tx sample, we found no differences in SIB frequency based on gender, age, ethnicity, or counseling experience using one-way ANOVA. In the student sample, we found no differences in SIB frequency based on age, ethnicity, living situation, or counseling experience using one-way ANOVA. However, SIB frequency differed by gender such that those who identified as non-binary ( M = 4.64, SD = 1.35) reported significantly higher rates of SIB than both males ( M = 2.80, SD = 1.31) and females ( M = 2.95, SD = 1.20). There were no differences in SIB frequency or severity based on sexual orientation in the student sample.