282 The Professional Counselor | Volume 11, Issue 3 analysis, they will most likely become more cognizant of the strengths and limitations of counselingrelated tests to determine their utility for use with clients. The practical overview of factor analysis presented in this manuscript can serve as a one-stop shop or resource that professional counselors can refer to as a reference for selecting tests with validated scores for use with clients, a primer for teaching courses, and a resource for conducting their own research. Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure The author reported no conflict of interest or funding contributions for the development of this manuscript. References Amarnani, R. (2009). Two theories, one theta: A gentle introduction to item response theory as an alternative to classical test theory. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 3, 104–109. American Counseling Association. (2014). ACA code of ethics. https://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-codeof-ethics.pdf American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. https://www.apa. org/science/programs/testing/standards American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2019). Factor analysis: Exploratory and confirmatory. In G. R. Hancock, L. M. Stapleton, & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (2nd ed., pp. 98–122). Routledge. Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 18(5/6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.7275/qv2q-rk76 Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge. Castillo, J. H. (2020). Teaching counseling students the science of research. In M. O. Adekson (Ed.), Beginning your counseling career: Graduate preparation and beyond (pp. 122–130). Routledge. Chen, C.-C., Lau, J. M., Richardson, G. B., & Dai, C.-L. (2020). Measurement invariance testing in counseling. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 47(2), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2020.1795806 Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2015). 2016 CACREP standards. http://www.cacrep.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2016-Standards-with-citations.pdf Credé, M., & Harms, P. D. (2015). 25 years of higher‐order confirmatory factor analysis in the organizational sciences: A critical review and development of reporting recommendations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(6), 845–872. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2008 Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43(2), 121–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175610373459 Dimitrov, D. M. (2012). Statistical methods for validation of assessment scale data in counseling and related fields. American Counseling Association.
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