304 The Professional Counselor | Volume 11, Issue 3 Table 1 Demographics of Sample Characteristic Sample 1 (N = 238) Sample 2 (n = 190) Age (Years) Mean 37.53 37.12 Median 35.50 35.00 SD 10.66 10.30 Range 46 45 Time in Service (Years) Mean 11.62 11.65 Median 10.00 10.00 SD 9.33 9.37 Range 41 39 n (%) First Responder Type Emergency Medical Technicians 67 (28.2%) 54 (28.4%) Fire Rescue 60 (25.2%) 45 (23.7%) Law Enforcement 83 (34.9%) 72 (37.9%) Other 9 (3.8%) 5 (2.6%) Two or more 10 (4.2%) 6 (3.2%) Not reported 9 (3.8%) 8 (4.2%) Gender Women 59 (24.8%) 47 (24.7%) Men 179 (75.2%) 143 (75.3%) Ethnicity African American/Black 13 (5.5%) 8 (4.2%) Asian American 3 (1.3%) 3 (1.6%) Latino(a)/Hispanic 28 (11.8%) 24 (12.6%) Multiple Ethnicities 3 (1.3%) 3 (1.6%) Native American 4 (1.7%) 3 (1.6%) White 187 (78.6%) 149 (78.4%) Note. Sample 2 is a subset of Sample 1. Time in service for Sample 1, n = 225; time in service for Sample 2, n = 190. Measures Response to Stressful Experiences Scale The Response to Stressful Experiences Scale (RSES-22) is a 22-item measure to assess dimensions of resilience, including meaning-making, active coping, cognitive flexibility, spirituality, and selfefficacy (Johnson et al., 2011). Participants respond to the prompt “During and after life’s most
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