The Professional Counselor | Volume 11, Issue 3 319 Table 3 Themes in Topics Discussed Within Whiteness and WRI Articles Theme Description N % Quant n / % Qual n / % Theory n / % Examples Whiteness and WRI Expression Attitudes and knowledge related to WRI and Whiteness constructs, with some (n = 5) examining pre–posttest changes 43 68.3% 32 74.4% 3 7.0% 8 18.6% WRI attitudes, color-blind racial attitudes, racism and responses, White privilege and responses, and developmental considerations Cultural Identity Development Cultural identities and developmental processes outside of race 27 42.9% 21 77.8% 1 3.7% 5 18.5% Ethnic identity, womanist identity, cultural demographics such as gender and age Counselor Preparation Training implications, with some presenting training intervention findings (n = 6) 23 36.5% 17 73.9% 1 4.3% 5 21.8% Pedagogy, training interventions, and supervision process and outcome Theory Development Development or expansion of theoretical concepts 18 28.6% 5 27.8% 5 27.8% 8 44.4% White racial consciousness versus WRI, prominent responses to White privilege, psychological dispositions of White racism Multicultural Counseling Competency Measurements of perceived multicultural counseling competency 12 19.0% 10 83.3% 2 16.7% 0 0.0% Perceived competency, link with WRI Counseling Process Counseling process and outcome variables 11 17.5% 8 72.7% 1 9.1% 2 18.2% Client perceptions, working alliance, and clinical applications Intrapsychic Variables Affective and cognitive components that influence Whiteness and WRI 11 17.5% 8 72.7% 2 18.2% 1 9.1% Personality variables, cognitive development, ego development Assessment Characteristics Development and/or critique of Whiteness and WRI measurements 9 14.3% 8 88.9% 0 0.0% 1 11.1% Limitations of WRI scales, development of White privilege awareness scales Totala 154 111 72.1% 15 9.7% 30 19.5% Note. Quant = quantitative research articles; Qual = qualitative research articles; Theory = theoretical articles. aPercentage total exceeds 100% because of rounding and/or topic overlap between articles. Methodological Features To address Research Question 2, we explored the methodological features of articles. These features included sample composition, research design, data sources, and limitations as reported within each empirical article (n = 46).
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