54 The Professional Counselor | Volume 12, Issue 1 Table 1 Participant Demographics Characteristic Percentage (n) Gender Male 47.1% (n = 66) Female 50.7% (n = 71) Transgender or Other Gender 2.1% (n = 3) Race/Ethnicitya African American or Black 8.6% (n = 12) American Indian/Native American 2.1% (n = 3) Arab American/Middle Eastern 2.1% (n = 3) Asian/Asian American 2.9% (n = 4) Asian Indian 2.9% (n = 4) Hispanic/Latinx 12.1% (n = 17) Pacific Islander 1.4% (n = 2) White 77.1% (n = 108) First-Generation College Student 30.7% (n = 43) Childhood Social Class Lower or Working Class 60.7% (n = 85) Middle Class 31.4% (n = 44) Upper Middle/Upper Class 7.9% (n = 11) Current Social Class Lower or Working Class 25.0% (n = 35) Middle Class 55.7% (n = 78) Upper Middle/Upper Class 18.6% (n = 26) Education Master’s Degree 65.7% (n = 92) Doctorate 34.3% (n = 48) a For statistical purposes in SPSS, we grouped participants as White or Minoritized. Positive Childhood Experiences (PCE) Questionnaire The PCE Questionnaire (Bethell et al., 2019) is a 7-item survey of PCEs (i.e., connection with family, friends, and community) that are statistically predictive of good mental health in adulthood. After accounting for ACEs, higher PCE scores reduce mental health and interpersonal problems later in life. Specifically, scores in the 6 to 7 range are most protective from harmful effects of ACEs, and scores in the 3 to 5 range are moderately protective. A Cronbach’s alpha score of .77 reported in the original 2019 study indicates good reliability.
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