182 The Professional Counselor | Volume 12, Issue 2 Conclusion Although the positive correlation between supervisory styles and the supervisory working alliance is well documented in the existing literature, the present study examined such relationships specifically in the context of supervisee levels. Both supervisee levels (as a whole) and self and other awareness (one indicator of supervisee levels) appeared to be significant moderators under different contexts. These findings further revealed the intricacies embedded in the broad relationship between supervisory styles and the supervisory working alliance, pointed out future research directions concerning supervisee development, and encouraged supervisors to adopt a composite of styles to varying degrees to better support supervisee growth. Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure The authors reported no conflict of interest or funding contributions for the development of this manuscript. References Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. SAGE. Bahrick, A. S. (1989). Role induction for counselor trainees: Effects on the supervisory working alliance (Order No. 9014392) [Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Bernard, J. M. (1997). The discrimination model. In C. E. Watkins, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 310–327). Wiley. Bernard, J. M., & Goodyear, R. K. (2019). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (6th ed.). Pearson. Bordin, E. S. (1983). A working alliance based model of supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000083111007 Bucky, S. F., Marques, S., Daly, J., Alley, J., & Karp, A. (2010). Supervision characteristics related to the supervisory working alliance as rated by doctoral-level supervisees. The Clinical Supervisor, 29(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2010.519270 Chagnon, J., & Russell, R. K. (1995). Assessment of supervisee developmental level and supervision environment across supervisor experience. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73(5), 553–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1995.tb01793.x Cheon, H.-S., Blumer, M. L. C., Shih, A.-T., Murphy, M. J., & Sato, M. (2009). The influence of supervisor and supervisee matching, role conflict, and supervisory relationship on supervisee satisfaction. Contemporary Family Therapy, 31(1), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-008-9078-y DePue, M. K., Lambie, G. W., Liu, R., & Gonzalez, J. (2016). Investigating supervisory relationships and therapeutic alliances using structural equation modeling. Counselor Education and Supervision, 55(4), 263– 277. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12053 DePue, M. K., Liu, R., Lambie, G. W., & Gonzalez, J. (2022). Examining the effects of the supervisory relationship and therapeutic alliance on client outcomes in novice therapists. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 16(3), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000320 Efstation, J. F., Patton, M. J., & Kardash, C. M. (1990). Measuring the working alliance in counselor supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(3), 322–329. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.37.3.322 Fernando, D. M., & Hulse‐Killacky, D. (2005). The relationship of supervisory styles to satisfaction with supervision and the perceived self‐efficacy of master’s‐level counseling students. Counselor Education and Supervision, 44(4), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2005.tb01757.x Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE.
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