163 The Professional Counselor | Volume 13, Issue 3 exhaustion is the central quality of burnout and the most obvious manifestation of the syndrome (Golembiewski & Munzenrider, 1988; R. T. Lee & Ashforth, 1996; Leiter & Maslach, 1988, 1999; Maslach, 1993, 1998). Researchers have articulated the relationships by positing that emotional exhaustion may first trigger depersonalization and depersonalization can then cause decreased personal accomplishment (Golembiewski & Munzenrider, 1988; R. T. Lee & Ashforth, 1996; Leiter & Maslach, 1988). Slightly different findings have suggested that exhaustion may simultaneously lead to depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment (R. T. Lee & Ashforth, 1993; Maslach, 1993). Some research has provided distinctive relationships among the three dimensions, indicating that emotional exhaustion may result from increased depersonalization (Golembiewski et al., 1986; Taris et al., 2005) and decreased personal accomplishment (Golembiewski et al., 1986). In response to the need to establish a broader definition of counselor burnout, S. M. Lee and colleagues (2007) expanded the three-dimension model, previously introduced by Maslach and colleagues (1997), to consider organizational and personal sources of burnout. They added two dimensions—negative work environment and deterioration in personal life—to the three core dimensions of burnout, which advanced the model to a five-dimensional burnout model (S. M. Lee et al., 2007). Using the five dimensions, S. M. Lee and colleagues introduced the Counselor Burnout Inventory (CBI). The CBI is the first scale aimed at measuring professional counselors’ burnout symptoms, integrating the expanded theoretical constructs of burnout with the five dimensions representative of the counseling profession (i.e., Exhaustion, Incompetence, Negative Work Environment, Devaluing Client, and Deterioration in Personal Life). Several studies that have explored the psychometric characteristics of the CBI with diverse counselor populations working in a wide range of settings have demonstrated the solid validity and reliability of the CBI (Bardhoshi et al., 2019; J. Lee et al., 2010; S. M. Lee et al., 2007). For example, Bardhoshi et al. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis of 12 studies that utilized the CBI to examine its psychometric characteristics. Their psychometric synthesis reported robust internal consistency, external validity, and structural validity of the five dimensions of burnout across diverse groups of professional counselors, supporting the CBI’s suitability as a tool for understanding the multidimensional burnout phenomenon. The Current Study Despite such advanced definitions and continued research on counselor burnout, attempts to understand the expanded structure of counselor burnout using all five dimensions remain limited. The CBI has demonstrated its fitness in burnout research using the five dimensions, especially to explore the relationships among the dimensions and to understand the sequential process of them. Understanding this underlying sequential process will allow counseling professionals to detect burnout-related symptoms earlier and develop prevention and intervention plans accordingly (Gil-Monte et al., 1998; R. T. Lee & Ashforth, 1993; Noh et al., 2013). Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate a hypothesized sequential process model of the five dimensions of counselor burnout syndrome using the CBI, which consists of (a) Negative Work Environment, (b) Deterioration in Personal Life, (c) Exhaustion, (d) Incompetence, and (e) Devaluing Client. Our overarching goal was to enrich the literature by providing a foundation on which to develop an integrative theoretical process model of counselor burnout. The following research questions guided the current study: 1) What are the relationships among the five dimensions of counselor burnout measured by the CBI?
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