227 The Professional Counselor | Volume 13, Issue 3 Table 2 Treatment and Comparison Group Percentages for Demographics Demographics Treatment (n = 23) Comparison (n = 23) Ethnicity White 39% 43% Hispanic 28% 17% Black 4% 17% Asian or Pacific Islander 13% 13% Multiracial 28% 9% Gender Male 13% 13% Female 87% 87% Grade Level Grade 9 35% 22% Grade 10 43% 17% Grade 11 17% 35% Grade 12 4% 26% Universal Screener Group Complete 52% 39% Symptomatic 9% 30% Vulnerable 35% 22% Troubled 4% 9% Note. n = number of students. Instrumentation Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) is a self-report measure designed to assess internalizing symptoms (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Respondents use a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (did not apply to me at all) to 3 (applied to me most of the time) to rate the extent to which each item applied to them over the past week. The 21-item measure consists of three 7-item subscales (Depression, Anxiety, Stress). A total score is created by adding each of the items, with higher scores indicating higher levels of severity (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Among adolescent samples, each subscale had good internal consistency scores (Depression, α = .97 to .88; Anxiety, α = .92 to .79; Stress, α = .95 to .81; total α = .93), and strong convergent validity (from .68 to .79; Antony et al., 1998). The DASS-21 demonstrated strong internal reliability (α = .93) for this study. For the purpose of this study, the DASS-21 was utilized to assess negative affectivity.
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