412 The Professional Counselor | Volume 13, Issue 4 microaggression types, while participants with invisible disabilities experienced more Minimization microaggressions. Participants with both visible and invisible disabilities experienced Denial of Personhood microaggressions more frequently. Table 3 presents the adjusted and unadjusted group means for AMS subscales by type of disability and visibility of disability. Table 3 Adjusted and Unadjusted Means for AMS Subscales by Disability Types and Visibility of Disability Subscale Helplessness Minimization Denial of Personhood Otherization ADJ M UA M ADJ M UA M ADJ M UA M ADJ M UA M Disability Types Physical only 3.09 3.38 3.00 2.80 2.66 2.85 2.45 2.69 Sensory only 3.57 3.64 3.49 3.41 3.48 3.46 2.77 2.82 Psychiatric/Mental only 2.17 2.17 4.47 4.47 2.25 2.25 1.76 1.76 Neurodevelopment only 2.95 2.25 3.70 3.73 3.05 2.11 2.77 1.88 2 or more disabilities 3.41 3.31 3.85 4.23 3.21 3.23 2.75 2.69 Visibility Visible/apparent 4.02 4.07 2.56 2.51 3.29 3.30 3.15 3.19 Invisible/hidden 2.41 2.51 4.17 4.30 2.40 2.51 1.95 2.01 Both visible and invisible 3.54 3.63 3.59 3.76 3.64 3.65 3.01 2.93 Note. AMS = Ableist Microaggressions Scale; ADJ = Adjusted Mean; UA = Unadjusted Mean. For Research Question 3, predictors were transformed and collapsed into dummy variables so they were useful for data analysis. Standard multiple regressions were conducted to determine the accuracy of the sociocultural identities (i.e., age, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, racial/ ethnic identity, religion/spiritual identity, education, and employment status) to predict AMS scores. Regression results indicated that the overall model does not significantly predict AMS scores, R2 = .052, R2adj = .019, F(14, 186) = .73, p = .74. Although the results did not predict AMS scores overall, they significantly predicted Minimization scores, R2 = .157, R2adj = .093, F(14, 186) = 2.47, p = .003. This model accounts for 9% of variance in the Minimization score. We found that race/ethnicity (β = −.51, p = .04), education level (β = −.69, p = .03), and employment status (β = 1.18, p = .03) significantly predicted AMS Minimization scores. Discussion Our findings both support and extend our understanding of the occurrence of ableist microaggressions and the types experienced by PWD who have different disability characteristics and who have a range of sociocultural identities. Participants in our study reported, on average, higher lifetime occurrences of ableist microaggressions (M = 3.05) than what Conover et al. (2017a)
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