The Professional Counselor | Volume 13, Issue 4 443 their gender identity, their faith, and more. Through us, they can learn to develop ways to cope with all that they experience without causing deleterious consequences to themselves. By doing the work, we can realize that, just like Johnny, Diondre can have bad days, and with a little help and support, maybe his bad days or maladaptive coping will not lead to life-altering punitive consequences. Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure The authors reported no conflict of interest or funding contributions for the development of this manuscript. References Abrams, L. S., Mizel, M. L., & Barnert, E. S. (2021). The criminalization of young children and overrepresentation of Black youth in the juvenile justice system. Race and Social Problems, 13(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09314-7 Alvarez, K., Cervantes, P. E., Nelson, K. L., Seag, D. E. M., Horwitz, S. M., & Hoagwood, K. E. (2022). Review: Structural racism, children’s mental health service systems, and recommendations for policy and practice change. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(9), 1087–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.12.006 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2022, March). AACAP policy statement on increased suicide among Black youth in the U.S. https://bit.ly/3up0RCw American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2023, September). Marijuana and teens. https://bit.ly/3OvnaNP American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethnic and racial minorities & socioeconomic status. https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/minorities Ammerman, S., Ryan, S., & Adelman, W. P. (2015). The impact of marijuana policies on youth: Clinical, research, and legal update. Pediatrics, 135(3), 769–785. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-4147 Andrews, A. R., III, Jobe-Shields, L., López, C. M., Metzger, I. W., de Arellano, M. A. R., Saunders, B., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2015). Polyvictimization, income, and ethnic differences in trauma-related mental health during adolescence. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(8), 1223–1234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1077-3 Bacher-Hicks, A., Billings, S. B., & Deming, D. J. (2021). Proving the school-to-prison pipeline. Education Next, 21(4), 52–57. https://www.educationnext.org/proving-school-to-prison-pipeline-stricter-middle-schoolsraise-risk-of-adult-arrests/ Batalla, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Yücel, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Crippa, J. A., Nogué, S., Torrens, M., Pujol, J., Farré, M., & Martin-Santos, R. (2013). Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: A systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. PLoS ONE, 8(2), e55821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055821 Baum, D. (2016, March 31). Legalize it all: How to win the war on drugs. Harper’s Magazine. https://harpers.org/ archive/2016/04/legalize-it-all/ Bernard, D. L., Calhoun, C. D., Banks, D. E., Halliday, C. A., Hughes-Halbert, C., & Danielson, C. K. (2020). Making the “C-ACE” for a culturally-informed adverse childhood experiences framework to understand the pervasive mental health impact of racism on Black youth. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 14(2), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-020-00319-9 Blitzman, J. (2021, October 12). Shutting down the school-to-prison pipeline. American Bar Association. https://bit.ly/42r9M2T
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