126 The Professional Counselor | Volume 14, Issue 2 Table 1 Descriptive Statistics and Results of the RM-MANCOVAs for Engagement in the Five Steps of the Bystander Intervention Model by Time and Bystander Status Bystander (n = 24) NonBystander (n = 55) Total (n = 79) Time Time x Bystander Status M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) F(5, 70) p ηp 2 F(5, 70) p η p 2 Notice the Event 1.12 .29 .02 14.10*** .001 .16 Baseline 8.75 (2.21) 7.76 (2.35) 8.06 (2.34) Follow-Up 9.50 (2.23) 6.31 (2.36) 7.28 (2.74) Interpret as Emergency 1.68 .20 .02 0.08 .78 .001 Baseline 8.98 (1.05) 8.58 (1.47) 8.70 (1.36) Follow-Up 8.54 (1.56) 8.36 (1.46) 8.42 (1.48) Accept Responsibility 0.81 .37 .01 2.62 .11 .03 Baseline 11.12 (2.26) 11.63 (2.17) 11.49 (2.19) Follow-Up 11.38 (1.91) 11.09 (2.25) 11.18 (2.14) Know How to Act 5.31* .02 .07 1.75 .19 .02 Baseline 10.63 (1.81) 10.95 (2.26) 10.85 (2.12) Follow-Up 11.63 (2.34) 11.54 (1.78) 11.56 (1.95) Decision to Intervene 6.73** .01 .08 4.12* .05 .05 Baseline 15.46 (2.47) 16.25 (2.24) 16.01 (2.32) Follow-Up 15.71 (2.35) 15.69 (2.43) 15.70 (2.39) *p < .05, **p < .01,***p < .001. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics and Results of the RM-ANCOVA for Defending Behavior by Time and Bystander Status Bystander (n = 24) NonBystander (n = 55) Total (n = 79) Time Time x Bystander Status M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) F(1, 74) p ηp 2 F(1, 74) p ηp 2 Defending Behavior 1.36 .25 .02 4.61* .04 .06 Baseline 3.17 (1.46) 2.84 (1.81) 2.94 (1.71) Follow-Up 3.67 (1.66) 2.41 (1.89) 2.79 (1.90) *p < .05.
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