156 The Professional Counselor | Volume 14, Issue 2 Model 2 ran a regression of burnout on ACEs, gender, race/ethnicity, and childhood SES, explaining 15.2% of the variance in compassion satisfaction, F(5, 225) = 8.062, p < .001. Gender (β = 0.169) and race/ ethnicity (β = 0.279) significantly predicted burnout. ACEs and childhood SES showed nonsignificant results in this model. Being male and being White predicted higher burnout (see Table 2). Model 3 ran a regression of secondary traumatic stress on ACEs, gender, race/ethnicity, and childhood SES, explaining 5.9% of the variance in secondary traumatic stress, F(5, 225) = 2.862, p = .017. Only gender (β = -0.159) and childhood SES (β = 0.163) significantly predicted secondary traumatic stress. ACEs and race/ethnicity showed nonsignificant results in this model. Being female and having higher childhood SES predicted higher secondary traumatic stress (see Table 2). RQ 3 asked about the predictive relationship of ACEs, gender, race/ethnicity, and SES to compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress after dividing the sample into two groups: PSCs with three or fewer ACEs (n = 119) and those with four or more ACEs (n = 121). Three linear regression models for each group all produced significant results. Model 1 ran a regression of compassion satisfaction on ACEs, gender, race/ethnicity, and childhood SES. For Group 1 (three or fewer ACEs) the model explained 41.7% of the variance in compassion satisfaction, F(5, 109) 15.599, p < .001. Gender (β = -0.369), and childhood SES (β = 0.194) significantly predicted compassion satisfaction. ACEs and race/ethnicity showed nonsignificant results. Being female and having higher childhood SES predicted higher compassion satisfaction for those with three or fewer ACEs. For Group 2 (four or more ACEs), the model explained 26.6% of the variance in compassion satisfaction, F(5, 110) = 7.975, p < .001. Gender (β = -0.277) and race/ethnicity (β = -0.342) significantly predicted compassion satisfaction. ACEs and childhood SES showed nonsignificant results. Being female and being a racially minoritized person predicted higher compassion satisfaction for those with four or more ACEs (see Table 3). Table 3 Regression Results: Coefficients (compassion satisfaction) β Std. Error Beta T Sig ACE < 4 (Constant) 20.214 2.846 -- 7.102 < .001 ACE -0.070 0.545 .006 -0.012 = .897 Gendera -5.046 1.040 -.369* -4.852 < .001* Raceb 0.820 1.165 .194 2.307 = .524 Childhood SESc R2 = .417 (p < .001) 2.688 1.165 .194* 2.307 = .023* ACE > 4 (Constant) 29.897 1.990 -- 15.024 < .001 ACE 0.286 0.228 .106 1.253 = .213 Gendera -2.702 0.855 -.277* -3.161 = .002* Raceb -3.296 0.821 -.342* -4.017 < .001* Childhood SESc R2 = .266 (p < .001) 0.443 0.866 .045 0.511 = .610 Note. ACE = Adverse Childhood Experiences; SES = socioeconomic status. aFor statistical purposes in SPSS, we grouped gender as female, male, and transgender or other gender. ᵇFor race, we grouped PSCs as Minoritized and White. cFor Childhood SES, we grouped PSCs as lower or working class, middle-class, or upper middle/upper class.
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