277 The Professional Counselor | Volume 14, Issue 3 for the group (i.e., female, 18 years and older, military veteran/active-duty service member, and have experienced sexual assault or harassment while serving in the military) were assessed with a trauma history psychosocial interview. VA-MST Screening Items Thirty-one female veterans or service members were screened for MST with the following questions using two trichotomously scored (i.e., yes, no, decline to answer) questions: “When you were in the military: (a) Did you receive uninvited and unwanted sexual attention, such as touching, cornering, pressure for sexual favors, or verbal remarks? and (b) Did someone ever use force or threat of force to have sexual contact with you against your will?” The items may be referred to as “harassment-only MST” and “assault MST,” independently (Gibson et al., 2016). After screening, 31 participants met the criteria for the study, however, 24 completed the entire study due to attrition. PERMA-Profiler The PERMA-Profiler scale, developed by Butler and Kern (2016), assesses the five pillars of wellbeing: positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. Comprising 23 items, with 15 items dedicated to PERMA elements and eight fillers, each domain is measured using three items on an 11-point scale, ranging from 0 (never) to 10 (always), or 0 (not at all) to 10 (completely). Butler and Kern reported Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from .71 to .89 for positive emotion, .60 to .81 for engagement, .75 to .85 for relationships, .85 to .92 for meaning, and .70 to .86 for accomplishment. Mahamid et al. (2023) validated the PERMA-Profiler in diverse populations, reporting a 5-factor solution with 85.49% cumulative variance. Their study showed a high Cronbach’s alpha (α = .93), confirming internal consistency. Ryan et al. (2019) found acceptable internal consistency (α = .80 to .93) in Australian adults and established moderate convergent validity with health outcomes (r = 0.46 to 0.68). Umucu et al. (2020) validated the instrument utilizing Pearson correlation coefficients and the Kruskal-Wallis test among student veterans, demonstrating satisfactory reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and criterion-related aspects. The current study reported well-being domain Cronbach alphas of .96 and .94 with 95% CIs [.93, .98], [.89, 97], and [.89, .97] across data collection periods, confirming the PERMAProfiler’s robustness and effectiveness in assessing the dimensions of well-being. The omega coefficients for well-being for this study were .96 and .94 with 95% CIs [.93, .98], [.89, .97], and [.89, .97]. Relationship Assessment Scale The RAS (Hendrick et al., 1998) is a 7-item self-report scale, designed to measure general relationship satisfaction. The RAS can be used for anyone in a relationship, whether romantic or nonromantic (Hayden et al., 1998). The brevity of the scale makes it applicable in clinical settings and for online administration (Hendrick, 1988). The estimated time of completion is 5 minutes. Furthermore, the RAS uses a Likert-type scale with 1 representing low and 5 representing high. The scores for each item are added, totaled, and then divided by 7 to produce a mean score. Higher scores indicate higher levels of relationship satisfaction. The RAS is favored, as it is concise and useful in measuring satisfaction in relationships, including non-romantic relationships. Sample items ask the respondents to “rate their level of problems in the relationship” and “the extent to which their expectations had been met.” The RAS has generated good test–retest reliability, internal consistency, item reliabilities, and validity (Fallahchai et al. 2019; Maroufizadeh et al., 2020). Emergent data also support its convergent and predictive ability (Topkaya et al., 2023). Hendrick et al. (1998) endorsed the RAS for several settings and populations. The RAS revealed significant connections to commitment, love, sexual attraction, self-disclosure, and relationship investment. Furthermore, Hendrick (1988) also discovered an inter-item correlation of .49 and internal
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