The Professional Counselor | Volume 14, Issue 3 230 Table 1 Demographic and Key Variables Information (N = 1,708) Variables N Percent Range M(SD) Childhood attachment 1,708 100% 1–5 3.34(0.92) IPV status IPV Non-IPV 1,698 507 1,191 99.41% 29.68% 69.73% 0–1 Self-Esteem 1,704 99.77% 3–40 26.98(7.46) Anxious Attachment 1,708 100% 1–7 4.11(1.26) Avoidant Attachment 1,708 100% 1–7 3.71(1.16) Control Variables Gender Male Female 1,683 381 1,302 98.54% 22.31% 76.23% Household Income Less than $5,000 $5,000–$9,999 $10,000–$14,999 $15,000–$19,999 $20,000–$24,999 $25,000–$29,999 $30,000–$39,999 $40,000–$49,999 $50,000–$74,999 $75,000–$99,999 $100,000–$149,999 $150,000 or more 1,514 183 96 119 83 98 78 128 141 239 143 139 67 88.64% 10.70% 5.60% 7.00% 4.90% 5.70% 4.60% 7.50% 8.30% 14.00% 8.40% 8.10% 3.90% Measures Childhood Attachment The parental attachment subscale of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) was used to measure childhood attachment. Participants rated their attachment to their parent(s) or caregiver(s) who had the most influence on them during their childhood. The subscale consists of 25 items divided into three dimensions, including 10 items on Trust (e.g., “My mother/father trusts my judgment”), nine items on Communication (e.g., “I can count on my mother/ father when I need to get something off my chest”), and six items on Alienation (e.g., “I don’t get much attention from my mother/father”). Participants rated the items using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (almost never or never true) to 5 (almost always or always true). Responses were averaged, with a higher score reflecting more secure childhood attachment. This subscale has demonstrated relatively high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of .93 (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), and construct validity (Cherrier et al., 2023; Gomez & McLaren, 2007). In the present study, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for this subscale was .96.
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