The Professional Counselor | Volume 12, Issue 3 231 Appendix Outline and Brief Overview of a Quantitative Methods Section Methods • Research design (e.g., group comparison [experimental, quasi-experimental, ex-post-facto], correlational/predictive) and conceptual framework • Researcher bias and reflexivity statement Participants and Procedures • Recruitment procedures for data collection in enough detail for replication • Research ethics including but not limited to receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval • Sampling procedure: Researcher access to prospective participants, recruitment procedures, and data collection modality (e.g., online survey) • Sampling technique: Probability sampling (e.g., simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling) or non-probability sampling (e.g., volunteer sampling, convenience sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, snowball sampling, matched sampling) • A priori statistical power analysis • Sampling frame, response rate, raw sample, missing data, and the size of the final useable sample • Demographic breakdown for participants • Timeframe, setting, and location where data were collected Measures • Introduction of the instrument and construct(s) of measurement (include sample test items) • Reliability and validity evidence of test scores (for each instrument): o Existing reliability (e.g., internal consistency [coefficient alpha, coefficient omega, or coefficient H], test/retest) and validity (e.g., internal structure, convergent/divergent, criterion) evidence of scores *Note: At a minimum, internal structure validity evidence of scores should include both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). o Reliability and validity evidence of test scores with the data set in the present study *Note: Only using coefficient alpha without completing statistical assumption checking is insufficient. Compute both coefficient omega and alpha or alpha with proper assumption checking. • Cross-cultural fairness and norming: Commentary on how and in what ways cross-cultural fairness guided the selection, administration, and interpretation of procedures and test results o Review and citations of original psychometric studies and normative samples Data Analysis • Operationalized variables and scales of measurement • Procedures for matching variables with appropriate statistical analyses • Assumption checking procedures Note. This appendix is a brief summary and not a substitute for the narrative in the text of this article.
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